Development of current knowledge encourages Muslims to
better understand al-Quran as a source of knowledge needed for the success of
this world and the hereafter. As Muslims we have to understand the contents of
the al-Quran because the Quran is a guide of our lives.
1.
DEFINITIONS ULUM AL-QURAN
Ulum Al-Quran consists of two words, namely "ulum"
and the Qur'an. The word "Ulum" is the plural form of "science"
the word "science" is formed from lafaz 'alima yes, lamu' ilman which
means al-fahm (understood) and the al-idrak (invention).
Shaykh Wali Allah divide science into three, namely
al-manqulah (knowledge obtained from the arguments of both derived from the
Qur'an and hadith), al-ma'qulah (knowledge gained by way of both learning
business and ask) and al-maksyufah (knowledge gained in a way to draw closer to
Allah SWT so open hijab blocking to meet him).
Lafaz science in the Qur'an contained in paragraph 780.
Meaning of science in the Quran include:
• Knowledge, as in QS. Al-Anbiyah (21): 110.
'He knows the words (you say) openly and He knows what you
conceal. "
• Seeing, in QS. Muhammad (47): 31.
" And We will surely test you until We make evident
those who strive among you [for the cause of Allah and the patient, and We will test your
affairs.."
• Permits, in QS. Hud (11): 14.
"And if they do not respond to you - then know that the
Qur'an was revealed with the knowledge of Allah and that there is no deity
except Him. Then, would you [not] be Muslims? "
• Understanding, in QS. Al. Naml (27): 66
"Rather, is Arrested Reviews their knowledge concerning
the Hereafter. Rather, they are in doubt about it. Rather, they are, concerning
it, blind. "
Holy book the Qur'an been copied to the Prophet Muhammad.
This holy book as a reference for the life of Muslims.
According to al-Qaththan, Ulum Al-Qur'an is the science
which includes a discussion relating to the Qur'an in terms of information
about al-nuzul asbab codification and orderly writing of the Qur'an, the verses
revealed in Mecca and Medina and other matters related to the Qur'an.
2. SCOPE OF
DISCUSSION ULUM AL-QURAN
According to Quraish Shihab, discussion material Ulumul
Qur'an can be divided into four components: 1) an introduction to the Qur'an,
2) rules of interpretation, 3) methods of exegesis, and 4) tafseer and
commentators. [17] Meanwhile, Jalal al-Din al-Bulqiny [18] divide the
scientific study of the Koran into six major groups, namely: 1) Nuzul, 2)
Sanad, 3) There is', 4) Al-Faz, 5) Ma'nan muta'alliq bi al-Ahkam, and 6) Ma'nan
muta'alliq bi al-faz. Furthermore, six of these groups are further divided into
50 issues on the discussion Ulumul Qur'an.
In line with the view of al-Bulqiny, Hasby al-Shiddieqi the
opinion of all kinds of discussion Ulumul Qur'an was returned to the subject of
only a few such as:
1. Nuzul. The verses that show the place and time of the
fall of the verses of the Koran, for example Meccan surah, madaniyah,
hadhariah, safariyah, nahariyah, lailiyah, syita'iyah, shaifiyah, and
firasyiah.
2. Sanad. Sanad mutawattir, ahad, syadz, forms qira'at
prophet, the narrators and the remember Qur'an, and how tahammul (reception
history).
3. There is' al-qirâ'ah. Concerning waqaf, ibtida ', imalah,
madd, takhfif hamzah, idgham.
4. Discussion concerning lafadz Qur'an, which is about
Gharib, mu'rab, majaz, musytarak, synonyms, isti'arah, and tasybih.
5. Discussing the meaning of the Koran which relate to the
law, namely paragraph meaningful Am, Am intended exclusively, Am singled out by
the Sunnah, nash, Zahir, mujmal, mufashal, mantuq, understand, mutlaq,
muqayyad, muhkam, mutasyabih , abstruse, nasikh mansukh, Muqaddam, mu'akhar,
ma'mul at certain times, and ma'mul by one man.
6. Discussion of the meaning of the Koran relating to
lafadz, namely FasL, wasl, I'jaz, itnab, Musawah, and qasr.
3.
SIGNIFICANT ULUM BRANCH AL-QURAN
a. Science Mawathin al-Nuzul
This explains the science of places down the verse, the era,
the beginning and the end.
b. Science Chronicles al-Nuzul
This science explain the verses and the order of descent
down one by one, from beginning to end and to descending surah perfectly.
c. Science asbab al-Nuzul
Science explains the causes of the decline in verse.
d. Science qiraat
This explains the science of the forms of reading the Qur'an
which have been received from the Messenger SAW. There are ten qiraat
legitimate and some sorts also unauthorized.
e. Science Tajwid
This science explains how to read the Qur'an properly. This
science explains where a start, stop, reading the long and short, and so on.
f. Gharib Al-Qur'an Studies
This science explains the meanings of words are strange and
not in the Arabic language dictionaries usual or not contained in everyday
conversation. Science is meant describe His words mean quaint and height.
g. Science'i'rab Qur'an
This science explains the line the words of the Qur'an and
its position in the wording.
h. Science Wujuh wa al-Nazair
This science explains the words of the Qur'an that contain a
lot of sense and explain the intended meaning in a particular place.
i. Science Ma'rifah al-muhkam wa al-Mutasyabih
This explains the science of passages deemed muhkam (quite
vague) and the mutashabihat (vague meaning, need ditakwil).
j. Science Nasikh wa al-Mansukh
This science explains the verses that are considered mansukh
(which abolished) by some commentators.
k. Science Storms' Al-Qur'an
Studies aimed to showcase the beauties of the Qur'an from
the point of literature, idiosyncrasies, and altitude balaghahnya.
l. Science I'jaz Qur'an
This science explains the strength of the structure and
content of the verses of the Qur'an so that it can silence the Arab writers.
m. Science Tanasub Qur'anic verse
This explains the science of rapprochement and harmony
between a verse and the verse in front and behind.
n. Science Aqsam Qur'an
This science explains the meaning and purposes of the oath
of God contained in the Qur'an.
o. Science Amtsal Qur'an
This science explains maskud parables dikemukan Qur'an.
p. Science Jidal Qur'an
It discusses the science of forms and ways of debates and
arguments of the Qur'an that were introduced to you polytheists who are not
willing to accept the truth of God.
q. Adab Al-Qur'an recitations
This science describes the method and courtesy that should
be followed when reading the Qur'an.
4. GROWTH
AND DEVELOPMENT ULUM AL-QURAN
Phase Before Codification
In the phase before codification, 'Ulumul Qur'an more or
less already is the seed that they appear extremely felt since the Prophet was
still there. It was marked by the excitement of the friends to learn Al-Qur'an
with earnest. Moreover, among them - as narrated by Abu Abdurrahman As-Sulami,
there is a habit not to switch to another paragraph, before it can truly
understand and practice the verse being studied. They studied at the same time
practicing the verse being studied. And that is why Ibn 'Umar took eight years
just to memorize Surah Al-Baqarah.
phase Codification
In the phase prior to codification 'Ulumul Qur'an also other
sciences before codified in the form of books or manuscripts. only one that has been codified at that time
was the Quran, the phenomenon continued, lasted until when 'Ali bin Abi Talib
ordered Abu Al-Aswad Ad-Da'uli to write science nahwu. The command 'All that opens
the gates modification religious sciences and Arabic. It’s increasingly
prevalent and widespread when Islam is in the hands of government and Bani
Umayyads' Abbasids in periods beginning of his reign.
1. Developments' Ulumul Qur'an Century II H.
About the preparation of the religious sciences which
started from the beginning of the second century AH the scholars give priority
to the preparation of interpretation because interpretation is the parent
'Ulumul Qur'an. Among the scholars who make up the second century H.
interpretation is:
Shu'bah Al-Hjjaj (d. 160 AH)
Sufyan bin 'Uyainah (d. 198 AH)
Sufyan al-Thawri (d. 161 AH)
Waqi 'bin Al-jarrh (128-197 AH)
Muqatil bin Sulayman (d. 150 AH)
Ibn Jarir Tabari (d. 310 AH)
2. Progress' Ulumul Qur'an Century III H.
In the third century H. besides interpretation and
hermeneutics, the scholars began to make also some knowledge of the Qur'an (
'Ulumul Qur'an), including:
'Ali ibn al-Madini (d. 234 AH), the teacher of Imam
Al-Bukhari, who compiled asbab Science An-Nuzul
Abu Ubaid al-Qasimi bin salam (d. 224 AH) constituting
Nasikh Science Wa Al-Mansukh, Science qira'at, and Fadha'il Qur'an
Muhammad ibn Ayyub adh-durraits (d. 294 AH) constituting
Sciences wa Al-Makki Madani
Muhammad bin Khalaf Al-Marzuban (d. 309 AH), who compiled
the book Al-Hawi Fi 'Ulum Al-Qur'an
3. their rapidly developing 'Ulumul Qur'an fourth century H.
In the fourth century H. Gharib began compiled Sciences of
the Qur'an and some books 'Ulumul Koran to use the term' Ulum al-Qur'an. Among
the scholars who compiled the sciences it is:
Abu Bakr As-Sijistani (w.330 H.) who compiled the book
Gharib Al-Qur'an
Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn al-Qasim al-Anbari (d. 328 AH), who
compiled the book 'Aja'ib' Ulum Al-Qur'an
Abu Al-Hasan Al-Ash'ari (d. 324 AH), who compiled the book
of Al-Mukhtazan fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an
Abu Muhammad Al-Qassab Muhammad bin Ali Al-Kurkhi (d. 360
AH), who compiled the book of Al-Qur'an Nukat Ad-Dallah 'Ala Al-Bayan fi Anwa'
Al-'Ulum Wa Al-Ahkam Al-Munbi ' ah 'An Al-Anam deviation
Muhammad bin 'Ali Al-Adfawi (d. 388 AH), who compiled the
book Al-Istighna' fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an (20 volumes)
4. Developments' Ulumul Qur'an Abad V H.
At the start of the fifth century AH drafted'i'rab Sciences
of the Qur'an in one book. In addition, the writing of the book - the book
'Ulum Al-Qur'an is still being conducted by the scholars of this period. Among
the scholars who contributed in the development of scholars' Ulum al-Qur'an
during this period are:
'Ali bin Ibrahim bin Sa'id al-Hufi (d. 430 AH), in addition
to spearheading the preparation of'i'rab Qur'an, he compiled the book Al-Burhan
fi'Ulum Qur'an.
Abu 'Amr Ad-Dani (d. 444 AH), who compiled the book
At-Taisir fi qira'at As-Sab'i and book Al-muhkam fi An-Naqth
5. The development of 'Ulumul Qur'an VI H. Abad
In the sixth century AH in addition there are scholars
yangbmeneruskan development 'Ulumul Qur'an, there are also scholars who began
compiling the Qur'an Mubhamat science, among which are:
Abu Al-Qasim bin 'Abdurrahman As-Suhaili (d. 581 AH), who
compiled the book Mubhamat Qur'an
Ibn Al-Jawzi (d. 597 AH), who compiled the book of Al-Afnan
Fonun fi 'Aja'ib Al-Qur'an and al-Mujtaba' fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an bi Tata'allaq.
6. Developments' Ulumul Qur'an Century VII H.
In the seventh century H. sciences of the Qur'an continues
to grow with the start drafting Majas Science Qur'an and Science qira'at. Among
scholars VII century great attention to these sciences are:
Alamuddin As-Sakhawi (d. 643 AH), his book about the science
qira'at named Hidayat Al-Murtab fi Mutasyabih
Ibn 'Abd As-Salam is famous by the name of Al-'Izz (d. 660
AH) who pioneered the science of writing Majaz Al-Qur'an in one book
Abu Shama (d. 655 AH), who compiled the book of Al-Murshid
Al-Wajiz fi 'Ulum al-Qur'an bi Tata'allaq Al-Qur'an Al-'Aziz.
7. Developments' Ulumul Qur'an VIII century H.
H. emerged in the seventh century some scholars
who make up the new sciences of the Qur'an, while the writing of the books
about "Ulum Al-Qur'an continues to run. Among them are:
Ibn Abi Al-isba 'which make up the science Badai'i Qur'an
Ibn Al-Qayyim (d. 752 AH), which make up the science Aqsam
Qur'an
Najmuddin ath-Thufi (d. 716 AH) who compiled the Qur'an
Hujaj Science or Science jadal Qur'an
Al-Mawardi, who compiled the Qur'an Sciences Amtsal
Badruddin Az-Zarkasyi (745-794 AH) who compiled the book
Al-Burhan fi 'ulum al-Qur'an
Taqiyuddin Ahmad Al-Harrani ibn Taymiyyah (d. 728 AH), who
compiled the book of Usul Al-Tafsir
8. Development 'Ulumul Qur'an Century IX and X H
In the ninth century and the beginning of the tenth
century AH, the more essays written by scholars about Ulum Al-Qur'an. At this
time, the development Ulum Al-Qur'an achieve perfection. Among the scholars who
compiled Ulum Al-Qur'an during this period are:
Jalaluddin Al-Bulqni (d. 824 AH), who compiled the book
Mawaki 'Al-'Ulum min Mawaqi' al-necromancer.
Muhammad bin Sulaiman Al-Kafiyaji (d. 879 AH), who compiled
the book At-Taisir fi qawa'id At-TafsirJalaluddin 'Abdurrahman bin Kamaluddin
As-Suyuti (849-911H.) Who compiled the book Ath-TAhbir fi' Ulum at- commentary
9. Developments' Ulumul Qur'an XIV century H.
Upon entering the XIV century H., rose back the attention of
scholars in the preparation of the books that discuss the Qur'an in many ways.
This revival of whom dipicuh by scientific activities at Al Azhar University in
Egypt, especially when the university is opening the majors areas of study that
makes tafsr and hadith as one of the other, her major.
In this century, there is little development of themes
performed by the clergy than in previous centuries. The development of which
form the translation of the Qur'an into the languages Ajam. In this century,
the development of 'Ulum Al-Qur'an characterized by efforts to sow doubts about
the Qur'an carried out by the orientalists or by the people of Islam itself
which is affected by the orientalists.
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