THE HISTORY OF DOWN AND THE MAINTENANCE OF THE QUR'AN

1. UNDERSTANDING the QUR'AN

The Qur'an is a fact of history that is recorded in the reputation as man and its existence is recorded in the notes of their history. As revelation, the Quran is not in production by humans but is handed down by God to man the choice, that is, the Islamic prophet Muhammad. Even the Prophet himself never thought I'd be given a revelation that would later become one of the main guidelines for the cradle of human civilization.

Al-Quran from the term has many meanings. Of which the definition of Al-Qaththan, Al-Jurjani, and Usul Fiqh scholars as well as opinions from the Sunni side dish, Mu'tazilah, and Asy'ariyyah.

According to Al-Qaththan, Al-Qur'an is the book of God which was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad and the people who read it will get the reward. According to Al-Jurjani, the Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, written in the mushaf and narrated in mutawaatir reports without a doubt. In the perspective of Fiqh, Usul Al-Qur'an is Allah revealed to the Prophet Muhammad, lafaz-lafaznya bear miracle, read it, indeed they are derived, and written in the margin of the start of the al-Fatihah to surah al-Nas.

Sunni scholars, including four priests of the view of jurisprudence, held that the Qur'an is the word of God that azali, not the creatures and by itself qadim. While the Mu'tazilah argues that the Qur'an is a creature. Al-Ash'ari denied the mu'tazilah opinions by saying that if the Qur'an were created (the creature), packed it in accordance with q. S al-Nahl: 40: "our word against something if we wish, we 

just told him ' kun (be), then so be it."

2. UNDERSTANDING NUZUL AL-Quran and STAGES of DECLINE

Nuzul Al-Quran is the process of decline of the Qur'an to the Prophet Muhammad. Qur'an down period happened in 22 years 2 months 10 days. This calculation is based on the first paragraph down on the 17th of Ramadan 41 years until the last paragraph goes down on 9 63 years from the birth of Dzulhijjah Prophet. According to Subhi Al-Salih, the Quran came down to the SAW. Through the 3 stages. The first stage, Al-Quran at once from God to the Lawh al-Muhfuzh. This is expressed in Sura al-them verse 21 and 22. The second stage, the Quran came down from Lawh al-Mahfooz to Bait al-I'zzah. This is based on surah Al-Dukhon verse 3. The last stage, the Qur'an descended from Bait al-I'zzah into the heart of the Prophet. Gradually according to your needs. This is described in surah Al-Syua'ra v. 193-195.

3. The WISDOM of the QUR'AN was REVEALED Gradually

The wisdom of the Qur'an was revealed gradually to include:

a. affirming the hearts of the Prophet.

b. facilitate the Prophet stop.

c. the edifying and entertaining the Muslims who lived in the time of the Prophet.

d. give the opportunity to the Muslims to leave the Islamic tradition.

e. oppose and weaken opponents Al-Qur'an.

Shakir (2003:12-13) mentioned the eight goals of the Qur'an was revealed, namely to:

a. clean the mind and cleanse the soul.

b. teach fair and civilized humanity.

c. create the unity and oneness of being.

d. invite humans to think and work in the field of life

e. eradicate poverty of material and non-material

f. unifying truth and justice with mercy and the love of saying.

g. creating ummatan wasathan by providing a middle ground.

h. Stressing the role of science and technology in the life to build a civilization of the world.

4. MAINTENANCE of the QUR'AN at the TIME of the PROPHET

At the time of Muhammad still alive in the qur'an faithfully preserved in such a way, at the time of his life still in conveying rosul revelation to the friends and companions ordered that stop well, so the most famous way to keep the qur'an is to memorize and write it.

In addition to this, the rote Rosul tells the companions who are good at writing immediately wrote down the verses of the qur'an that has been memorized by them. Among the companions who wrote down the verses of the qur'an are:

a. 4 the leading companions of Muhammad, namely Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali

b. Muawiyah Ibn Abu Sufyan

c. Zayd Ibn Thabit

d. ubayy Ibn Kab

e. Khalid bin Walid

These writing are sorted according to the command of the Prophet, after it recently on save.

5. MAINTENANCE of the QUR'AN DURING the KHULAFA AL-RASHIDEEN

A. On The Caliph Abu Bakr As-Shiddiq

At first Abu Bakr, ' Umar's opinion rejects because it never did Rosullah SAW. But Umar replied and vowed "for the sake of God, it's good deed" Umar continued to persuade Abu Bakr and continue to provide the base's-good reason, against what is going on there are Muslims of that time, with the permission of Allah SWT heart any open Abu Bakar over a proposal that had Umar convey to him.. Thus the qur'an was written entirely by Zayd Ibn Thabit in sheets are fastened correctly. Arranged according to the verses as set by Rosullah, was later handed over to Abu Bakr.

B. On the Caliph Uthman ibn Affan

After the death of Caliph Abu Bakr, then in changed by kholifatul Umar bin Khattaab i.e. believers. Similarly the mushaf, which was saved by Abu Bakr, then Umar became Caliph after that mushaf changed hands to Umar bin Khattaab. During the reign of Caliph Umar this doesn't discuss the Quran but rather focuses on the development of the teachings of the Islamic territory and islm,  as well as the teachings of Islam. The qur'an also does not understand the textual basis at any time, but furthermore in contextually understood.

6. COMPLETION of the MAINTENANCE of the QUR'AN AFTER AL-RASHIDUN CALIPHS

As it known, that the form of the writing of the Glorious Qur'an and the writings of other Arabic-speaking in the early days (the time of the Prophet and Khulafaurrasyidin) are written without the dot and the line (syakal). In line with the development of the religion of Islam, the more those non-Arabs adopted Islam, then the question arises for them to read the Koran is without a point and line it up. Not even uncommon fault lines (without vowel marks) in Qur'an reading may result in changes of meaning that is very fundamental. For example, when Abul-Aswad al-Du'ali heard a reciter to read Letters at-Tawba, verse 3 أن بريئ المشركين من و الله رسولُه. This paragraph should be read with the dhammah mark on the letter lam lafazh رسولُه. But by the ' read reciter و رسولِه by reading the kasrah on the letter lam. It is surprising Abul Aswad and he said: "most high God to leave his Messenger". Then Abul Aswad reported this to Ziyad bin Samiyyah, Governor of Basrah during the reign of Mu'aawiyah (661 – 680 M). Then Abul Aswad was asked to put punctuation (syakal) in order to avoid the error of reading among the Muslims. To overcome this difficulty (distinguishing letters that same symbol), the Governor of Iraq, Hajjaj Ibn Yusuf Al-(d. 714 M) assign to the Nasr bin Asim (d. 708 M) and Yahya ibn Ya'mur (d. 747 M) – both are disciples of Abul Aswad al-Du'ali – to affix signs distinguishing between letters of the same sign . In carrying out its work, Nasr bin Asim and Yahya bin Ya'mur applying the dots comment to distinguish between letters of the same sign. The result of the work of the two of them then so be Arabic alphabet form as we know it today.